Reasons Human Trafficking Should End - 1144 Words

â€Å"Slavery occurs when one person controls another person, using violence or the threat of violence to maintain that control, exploits them economically, pays them nothing and they cannot walk away.† In 1865, slavery was abolished here in the United States. It states in the thirteenth amendment that, â€Å"neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† Even though it states that slavery is illegal in the thirteenth amendment, human trafficking is equivalent to modern slavery and it still exist today in the United States. Human trafficking happens when someone owes money, is kidnapped, or tricked. Then those victims are sold into slavery to be exploited. The people involved in trafficking are usually pimps or people who sell drugs. Although pimps think human trafficking betters the economy, it should be ende d because it abuses the victim, sexually exploits underage children, and brings false hope. First of all, human trafficking should be ended because it abuses the victims. When I think of human trafficking, the two words that pop in my head are pimps and prostitution. Pimps are men who use manipulation, threats, and violence to keep women from leaving. In the beginning, a pimp will look for a woman who is emotionally fragile, unprotected, and looking for love. The pimp then proceeds to act like he cares for the woman.Show MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Is Today s Version Of Slavery873 Words   |  4 PagesWe Are People Human trafficking is today’s version of slavery. Victims are forced into labor, prostitution, and other exploitations. In 2007 three brothers conspired together to trafficked women from Mexico to New York, Queens. The brothers threatened, assaulted, and psychologically coerced the young women and minors into prostitution. These men were committed to sex trafficking that one of the brothers, Victor Leonel Estrada- Tepal, forced his wife, who was only seventeen at the time, into theirRead MoreCalling Apple, Inc. to Take Action on Human Trafficking Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is an extremely important issue that we can’t ignore, even we are in a peaceful and legal society. As a matter of fact, there are a large number of institutions, like governments, special interest group, NGOs, social work teams, devoting themselves to call for human rights equality, combat human trafficking, and rescue those people who have been enslaved. However, as business co mmunity, only a small group of firms engage in this issue, and fulfill their social responsibilities.Read MoreTamara Johnson. Mr. Migues. Honors English 3. 13 February1022 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Human Trafficking Human trafficking,the illegal practice of trading in human beings for the purpose of prostitution, forced labor, or other forms of exploitation, is a crime that affects the most vulnerable citizens of society. After drugs, it the largest criminal activity globally! The victims must be the primary concern for all law enforcement units. Human trafficking in the world can be diminished and possibly erased through teachings, government intervention, and awareness. Human traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Form Of Modern Slavery1601 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking, or the offering and purchasing of individual, is a well-shrouded yet noticeable issue inside of today s general public. It is both a corrupt and awful theme that needs conveyed to consideration and managed. At the point when people are controlled into work, sexual bondage, or monetary hardship, human trafficking is happening. Human trafficking transpires to be a highly committed crime thats, perpetrated throughout the world, affecting women and children that being put throughRead MoreForced Labor And Human Trafficking1474 Words   |  6 Pagesand human trafficking are some of the forms of slavery in the modern day. Although the world has made several strides in ending human trafficking, several factors have played a big role in ensuring that trafficking is still carried on. The ILO describes forced labor as the work and services offered by a person unwillingly; on th e other hand human trafficking is the transport and recruitment of people through coercion with the aim of exploiting them. The continual practice of human trafficking is attributedRead MoreHuman Trafficking Should Be Stopped For Multiple Reasons916 Words   |  4 PagesHuman trafficking is criminal activity in which humans such as men, women, and children are consider as possessions for involuntary labor or prostitution. Although human trafficking is thought of being a problem only in other countries, it is also a growing problem in the United States, and should be stopped for multiple reasons. Many Americans do not have to deal with human trafficking as a part of their daily lives and only assume that it happens in foreign countries or in movies. In reality thisRead MoreWays to Stop Human Trafficking1245 Words   |  5 PagesSolutions to End Human Trafficking In recent times, the number of human trafficking cases has skyrocketed through the roof. So, what exactly is human trafficking? Human trafficking is defined as a criminal activity, in which people are recruited, harboured, transported, bought or kidnapped for the purposes of exploitation. These exploitations include forced labour, child soldiery, sexual slavery, forced marriages and so on. Statistics show that the main victims of human trafficking consist of womenRead MorePlan of Action for Human Trafficking and Sexual Violence1522 Words   |  7 PagesPlan of Action to Combat Human Trafficking Abstract Human trafficking is a crime that without the proper direction will cost the human being the right to have freedom. Every person has the right to choose and not fall into being victimized by someone who is in the pursuit of indentured servitude. This billion-dollar industry is aiding the criminal acts such as drug trafficking and production, sexual assault, sexual rape (male or female), and most of all abuse and neglect of all the victimsRead MoreSexual Human Trafficking and Forced Labor in Russia848 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Trafficking is the trade of humans for a variety of reasons, the most common of which is forced labor and sexual exploitation. Sexual Human Trafficking is a form of abuse entailing the sexual abuse of a person whereby a person is forced to conduct sexual acts for financial advantage. Unfortunately, it is a continuing issue today in many locations, especially Russia. Between thirty and sixty thousand woman are trafficked under false pretenses each year. Human t rafficking in Russia is very muchRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Serious Crime And An Unrefined Violation Of Human Rights1578 Words   |  7 PagesTrafficking in human beings is a serious crime and an unrefined violation of human rights. It is often linked to organized crime and is one of the most profitable criminal activities worldwide (Access to European Union Law, 2014). There are many different forms of human trafficking, and they progress with changing socioeconomic circumstances. It targets women and men, girls and boys in vulnerable positions (Trafficking in Human Beings, 2013). The International Labor Organization in June of 2012 covering

Support The Positive Parenting Of A Child s Physical,...

The aim of this assignment is to compare, contrast and also critically evaluate all of the strategies which include a strength based approach to support the positive parenting in respect of a child s physical, cognitive and social emotional learning development. The first two years of any child s life are the most critical and important when it comes to their personal development when growing up. They are essential to the cognitive, physical, social and emotional development. Many theorists have suggested that is a child is brought up where their developmental needs are not being met from either circumstances like their home, school environment or parenting, which means that they are more at risk of experiencing learning delays in the†¦show more content†¦There are also socio-economic trends that will influence a child s development. Researchers have suggested that the more poor a family is, because of income, then this will affect their development because the more wealthi er a family is then it has been proven that they can provide a more safer environment for their child. Also the more wealthier the family is then the higher up education the child will receive, for example attending a private school and also home school tuition where the child is able to learn more and receive more advance tuition. They have also suggested the a more low-income family will have poor nutrition which can also lead to a poor child development because health is a huge factor. Call, N (2011). The Thinking Child: Brain-based Learning for the Early Years Foundation Stage A child s brain development is one of the first organs which develops whilst in the mother s womb and throughout a child s whole life it will carry on to change and develop when learning new things from different people and in different environments. There are 1 Billion nerve cells that are currently present in an adults brain which were created when a baby reaches six months old. At this stage all of the neurons are not connected to each other but with maturity, age and education then this is when the brain starts to increase and

Sunlight on the grass revision booklet free essay sample

This is worth 20% of the total GCSE It is 45 minutes of a 90 minute exam. You must answer ONE question. The question is in two parts: Part A: you respond to a passage from the text Part B: you must link this passage to the whole text. Assessment Criteria AO1: respond to texts critically and imaginatively; select and evaluate relevant textual detail to illustrate and support interpretations (10%) AO2: explain how language, structure and form contribute to writers’ presentation of ideas, themes and settings (10%) You are not assessed on AO3 or AO4. This means they you do not compare the stories or relate them to context. The examination asks you to choose between two questions. Each question will name one story and leave the second choice of story up to you. The questions are split into two parts and you have to answer both parts. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO COMPARE THE TWO STORIES. What we will revise: Plot, narrative structure and the crafting of characterisation in each short story; Themes and ideas related to each short story; Language and style: the use of language techniques to create effects e. g. the use of symbolism in ‘Compass and Torch’ to illuminate themes and ideas of moral guidance and family relationships. My Polish Teacher’s Tie Plot Summary ‘My Polish Teacher’s Tie’ is about the forming of a relationship between Carla, a dinner lady who works in a school and who is revealed to be half-Polish, and her pen-pal Stefan, a teacher visiting from Poland. Carla nervously engages in a pen-pal friendship with Stefan, but she chooses to let Stefan think she is a teacher, embarrassed that she isn’t a â€Å"real professional†. They exchange poems and we see their relationship grow, until Stefan’s visit, when there is an awkward break in their communication as Carla worries she has lied to Stefan. Unlike the cynical teachers, Valerie and Susie, Carla celebrates his passionate interests and his unique personality, symbolised by his eccentric tie. They meet and Stefan sings for Carla in a moment of unbridled joy and honest friendship. Language and Style Symbolism: clothing is an important strand of symbolism, with uniforms and the eponymous tie representing a sense of identity and social status. Also, the bird in the poem from Stefan could symbolise the entrapment Carla feels because of her own sense of inadequacy (this links to the singing at the end of the story, where Carla is freed from her social anxieties) First person narrative perspective: we see events through the nervous eyes of Carla and the grammar of the writing often imitates patterns of natural speech, withcolloquialisms like â€Å"sod it† and â€Å"I shovel chips† Dialogue: in a short story that is about the difficulties of communication itself, the narrative uses dialogue as a dominant way to communicate Themes and Ideas Social status: the story explores the anxieties related to social status and social stereotyping Love: the story is essentially a romantic love story that explores the difficulties in communicating emotions openly an d honestly Identity: the story explores the issues of identity and how your heritage and your job can shape your sense of who you are Key Quotations â€Å"But what was worse was that he was going to expect to meet me. Or not me, exactly, but the person he’d been writing to, who didn’t really exist. † (Lines 95-7) â€Å"It was a terribly hopeful tie. † (Line 147) â€Å"He stood there holding on to my hand right in the middle of the staffroom, his big bright tie blazing, and he sang a song I knew. It went through me like a knife through butter. A Polish song. I knew it, I knew it. † (Lines 163-66) When the Wasps Drowned Plot Summary ‘When the Wasps Drowned’, by Claire Wigfell, is a first person account of childhood memories of a past summer where sinister events occur. A young female narrator recounts her sister, Therese, being attacked by an angry swarm of wasps. The rest of the story is a broken narrative of small events that make up the summer, with their mother largely absent, and the narrator taking care of her siblings in the hot garden. When her siblings playfully dig a hole in the garden, tunnelling into next door’s garden, they find a ring on the hand of a corpse that they then cover back up. The narrator takes the ring, but her sister has nightmares that appear related to their gruesome findings. As the summer holidays come to a close the children are questioned at their door by the police about a missing girl. They lie about their knowledge of the ring and what was found in Mr Mordecai’s garden. It is an ambiguous ending which leaves the reader questioning the behaviour of the girl. Language and Style Symbolism: the wasps themselves may symbolise a latent natural danger, and their stinging of Therese may appear to represent the end of childhood innocence for the children Delayed revelations: the end of the first section reveals the neighbour’s garden has been dug up – it is not until later in the story that the reader is able to piece together the narrative fragments to work out the plot Figurative language: there are interesting examples of figurative language that heighten the tension and project emotion onto the descriptions from the â€Å"ache of cars† to the screaming that dramatically â€Å"broke the day†. There is a real sense of sensuality to the descriptions and the sense of grim foreboding is also clear in the writer’s style First person narrative perspective: the young narrator is clearly unreliable and the fragments of memories piece together a mysterious narrative Themes and Ideas Loss of childhood innocence: the series of inter-connected memories build up a picture of neglected children, subject to a series of dangerous events that ultimately present this summer as a negative turning point Violence: the story has violent events, from the wasps stinging Therese, to the implied event with the corpse in the garden and the oppressive heat Key Quotations â€Å"Her screaming, the way it broke the day, so shocked me that I dropped the glass, which smashed on the tap and fell into the dishwasher below. † (Lines 24-6) Compass and Torch Plot Summary ‘Compass and Torch’ is an emotive story of a family breakdown and the specific event of a young boy being taken on a camping trip with his father. The father arrives to collect his son, who is earnest and desperate for a successful trip. The mother and the step-father reveal their concerns about the â€Å"mad† camping trip that subtlety reveals the damaging family breakdown. The boy brings his torch, something transformed into a crucial heroic object by the boy, wishing to confer heroism onto both the trip and his father. The father, somewhat distant, appears sensitive to the heightened emotions of his son. The father pitches a tent, but realises he has forgotten his torch – perhaps reflecting issues that impacted the divorce. They journey to the top of the mountain and stay the night, accompanied by horses surrounding the tent. These instinctive creatures and their â€Å"thudding† hooves become symbolic for the boy in his future dreams of this emotional event. Language and Style Symbolism: the compass and torch are potential symbols. The torch represents light and may present the worship he casts upon his father. The compass represents a loss of direction, the break-up of the family and the loss of the boy’s ‘moral compass’. The horses, in their instinctive sensitivity, may represent the natural feelings a son would have for his father, or the thudding may hint at the subtle natural danger of the boy’s family breakdown Disjointed narrative structure: the non-linear structure reflects the broken family relations Themes and Ideas Love: the boy’s depiction of his father transforms him into a heroic character, perhaps not reflecting the reality of the situation Family breakdown: the story is dominated by the acute sensitivity of the boy, whose experience of their relationship is both fragile and tender Nature and ‘the natural’: the story raises questions about natural paternity; about the father/son relationships and the dangers related to experience Key Quotations â€Å"The boy is intent. Watching Dad. Watching what Dad is. Drinking it in: the essence of Dadness. † (Lines 8-9) â€Å"He is looking away, seared by the glitter of anxiety in the little boy’s eyes. † (Line 47) â€Å"He could feel it gathering in the blackening chill: the aching certainty that already, only one year on from the separation, he had lost his son, his child. † (Lines 166-68) On Seeing the 100% Perfect Girl One Beautiful April Morning Plot Summary ‘On Seeing the 100% Perfect Girl One Beautiful April Morning’ is a strange short story, suggested by the very idiosyncratic title. It is a romantic tale of love and fate that blends elements of realism and fantasy together. The opening section of the story has the narrator meet his â€Å"perfect girl† by chance in the street. He tells someone the story and imagines the potential of the romance and imagines what he would say to this person, before considering some highly romantic scenarios. Then, in fairytale style, he relates a short love story which he would have related to the girl. In truth, very little happens, except in the imagination of the romantic narrator! Language and Style Direct first person narrative perspective: the narrator appears to be very imaginative, transforming reality into images of romantic possibility Fantasy and realism: the author blends realistic elements and natural speech patterns with elements of fairytale (â€Å"Once upon a time† and ended ‘A sad story, don’t you think’†) and highly exaggerated descriptions of love (â€Å"they were each other’s 100% perfect lovers, and it was a miracle they ever met. †). This makes the narrative voice appear quite unreliable andsubjective, but at the same time idealistic and hopeful Repetition: the story appears to repeat phrases and images to add to the fantastical sense of romance Themes and Ideas Love: the story does evoke the transformational power of love. It celebrates the faithful meeting of lovers, whilst at the same time exploring the sadness of lost love. You may argue the presentation of love is ambiguous Idealism and real ity: there appears to be a contrast between ‘real’ events and the idealistic, romantic dreams of the narrator. The audience are left to question this duality. Is it self-deception and false? Or is it power of love? Key Quotations â€Å"The moment I see her, there’s a rumbling in my chest, and my mouth is as dry as a desert. † (Lines 7-8) â€Å"The ideas I come up with are never very practical. † (Line 61) â€Å"As they sat and talked, however, a tiny, tiny sliver of doubt took root in their hearts. Was it really all right for one’s dreams to come true so easily. † (Lines 79-80) â€Å"The faintest gleam of their lost memories glimmered for the briefest moment in their hearts.† (Lines 109-10) The Darkness Out There Plot Summary ‘The Darkness Out There’ has two young central characters, Sandra and Kerry (a boy) who are in a club, at school, run by Miss Hammond. The club members help people in the community. One Saturday Sandra and Kerry go to the house of an old lady, Mrs Rutter. When they have done the errands, they ask her about a local wo od, which is meant to be haunted. Mrs Rutter knows the true story behind the popular version. During the Second World War a German aeroplane was shot down and crashed in the wood. Mrs. Rutter and her sister were the first people on the scene. They saw that one of the crew was still alive, but trapped in the aircraft. They left him and returned the next night, knowing that he was dying in agony. Mrs Rutter is not ashamed of what she did, and explains it in terms of strict revenge, for the death of her husband, who was killed in Belgium at the start of the war. Sandra is shocked, but it is Kerry who takes the initiative. As directly as he can he insists that he must leave. As soon as he is out of the house, he speaks of his horror at Mrs. Rutter and his sympathy for the German. Language and Style Third person perspective: the story is in the third person, but it is told from Sandra’s perspective. We can compare Sandra’s viewpoint with how people are presented through their dialogue Symbolism: the darkness and the light are obviously symbolic about morality and about how you lose your childhood innocence by becoming awareness of this ‘darkness’. This imagery is repeated heavily throughout Themes and Ideas Darkness and Light: it is both literally referred to in the title and repeatedly in the story, but symbolically it also represents the classic moral contrast between good and evil Stereotyping and ‘the truth’: the story challenges how people make first impressions – the presentation of Kerry and the little old lady are a stark contrast to the first impressions made. This story the contrast between how things may appear and the actual reality. Attitudes to travellers and other people are questioned throughout by the author – raising complex moral questions Key Quotations â€Å"After they were twelve or so the witches and wolves went away. Then it was the German plane. † (Lines 53-54) â€Å"†¦next you glimpsed darkness, an inescapable darkness. The darkness out there and it was part of you and you would never be without it, ever. † (Lines 268-9) Anil Plot Summary ‘Anil’ is another ‘coming of age’ (‘Bildungsroman’) story, where the young narrator is exposed to a violent and deceptive adult world. Growing up in a poor Singapore village in stifling heat, Anil wakes and hears a noise outside. He witnesses the Headman’s brother, Marimuthu, and another man hang Marimuthu’s unconscious wife. Numbed by the horror of the event, Anil attempts to go back asleep. The next day a crowd has gathered and Marimuthu, and his wealthy family, attempt to mask the crime. Anil courageously whispers to Marimuthu that he knows he killed his wife. To avoid scandal, the Headman agrees a deal with Anil’s cowardly father to send Anil away to school to avoid him revealing the truth. The final scene is the touching departure of Anil, being forced to leave his father and the family, whilst Marimuthu gives him a sinister smile, reinforcing Anil’s powerlessness, arousing empathy for Anil. Language and Style Third person perspective: the story is in the third person, but it is told through Anil’s perspective. This gives the story a strong sense of painful emotion and makes the audience empathise with Anil, whilst having some information hidden to engage the audience in the sinister events Figurative language and symbolism: the emotion of the story is heightened and the violence is given a grotesque exaggeration, conveyed from the very opening sentence onwards (â€Å"the mosquitoes were in their reign of terrorism†). The tree becomes a symbol of frightening natural danger, perhaps suggesting the commonness of such violence and danger in this corrupt world Themes and Ideas Lost Innocence: Anil goes through a painful passage into adulthood, from witnessing murder to being excluded from his family for telling the truth. Corruption: the whole village appears to be corrupt, from the top of the hierarchy to the powerless, but violent father figure even down to the tree and the mosquitoes. Corruption appears all pervasive and inescapable for innocent Anil. Key Quotations â€Å"Any moment now, the vines would reach out and snatch all the villagers and devour them all, leaving him alone in the village. † (Lines 115-17) â€Å"’Don’t be silly. Men don’t cry. You’re going into a man’s world, you must act like a man now. † (Lines 192-3) Something Old, Something New Plot Summary ‘Something Old, Something New’ is a lengthy short story that explores the difficulties in moving cultures and developing new relationships. It begins with the male central character arriving in the Sudan to meet his prospective wife at the airport. Anxious but excited, he meets the brother and is impressed but intimidated by the Nile and its â€Å"dream blue†. He arrives at his hotel and reflects upon his memories of when the relationship began, before revealing his soon-to-be-wife is divorced (frowned upon in her culture). He meets her family at their home and soon after is mugged, revealing tensions in their relationship and their clash of cultural differences. The wedding is further delayed by the unfortunate death of her uncle. During the period of mourning he acclimatises and settles in with the family, before giving her brother money to help finance the wedding. The story ends hopefully with the marriage and a loving embrace between the newlyweds. Language and Style Third person perspective: the story is in the third person, but is from the perspective of the husband, experiencing this new country for the first time, whilst feeling a range of complex emotions from fear to contentment Figurative language: the writer employs a range of imagery to evoke the setting and revealing the husband’s anxiety (â€Å"Such was the landscape of Khartoum: bone coloured sky, a purity in the desert air, bareness. †) Themes and Ideas Love and marriage: the story presents an adult, realistic view of love, where relationships are strained, breakdown as well as flourish in the face of difficulty Death and danger: there is a sense of danger and foreboding in the story; from the crocodiles in the Nile, to the threat of violent robbery and the tragic death of the Uncle. Once again, this is no idealistic love story Culture: the story reveals the challenges of moving cultures and of having relationships with people of a different cultural heritage Key Quotations â€Å"But as he spoke he noticed that the river’s flow was forceful, not innocent, not playful. Crocodiles no doubt lurked beneath the surface, hungry and ruthless. † (Lines 48-50) â€Å"He heard the azan (prayers); the first time in his life to hear it outdoors. † (Line 210) â€Å"Congratulations, we’ve given her to you now. † (Line 525) Exemplar Responses ‘The opening of ‘Anil’ prepares the reader for the rest of the story by setting the tone and introducing the setting of the story imaginatively. This is shown by the vivid description: â€Å"Children dreamed of waking up to another day. † This shows us that it is a poor, perhaps third world country, and that the narrator is someone of little self-belief, or even hope for his group, as he displays no desire to go out into the wider world or even attain wealth. The opening also sets the tone of the story by giving a sense of tiredness or futility, where people cannot be bothered. However, alongside this description the writer also uses hyperbole of ‘mosquitoes’ in their â€Å"reign of terror†, conveying a highly energetic and erratic atmosphere to the story. This confusion may reflect Anil’s fears and sense of confusion. The ‘terrorism’ clearly establishes the fear Anil is experiencing and it conveys a negative tone for the reader. † Peter Savage ‘During the opening of Claire Wigfall’s ‘When The Wasp’s Drowned’ a negative tone is created through symbolism, sparking a dark atmosphere for the narrative: â€Å"Therese stepped on the wasp’s nest. † This sentence is short and dramatic, symbolizing the beginning of a run of extraordinary events and the end of an innocent childhood. The image of a wasp’s nest being stepped on and all the wasps escaping foreshadows a string of bad events that will happen in the narrative. The wasps themselves also symbolise danger because of the threatening black and yellow colours and the venomous sting. This is significant as the characters must keep their distance from the negative events, in order not to be ‘stung’. Summer is often thought of as a happy, positive time, but here the wasp image emphasises the negativity of the season which creates an ironically depressing atmosphere. † Matthew Herbert ‘In Leila Aboulela’s short story – ‘Something Old, Something New’, symbolism is utilised in order to reflect the central female character in the narrative: for example, Aboulela at first describes the Nile as a â€Å"blue he had never seen before, a child’s blue, a dream’s blue†. This reflects how, at first sight, the Sudanese woman appears perfect, a way out of â€Å"unemployment; drugs; depression; the underworld that throbbed and dragged itself parallel to their active middle-class life†. However, when he discovers, upon taking a closer look, that the river’s flow was â€Å"forceful, not innocent nor playful†, the delayed revelation that the calm, serene river is actually one of nature’s perils, with ‘crocodiles’ who â€Å"lurked beneath the surface, hungry and ruthless†, unsettles the reader and evokes the precarious nature of the main character’s journey from Scotland to get married. The writer creates a sense of unease with the violent connotations of â€Å"ruthless†. This is further reflected when the central male character realises the woman he idolised is – in reality – like everybody else. A harsh reality is evoked and the special ‘blue’ of the Nile seems no longer beautiful and special – the Nile is very much like the woman: imperfect and natural. † Rebecca Anderson Past Examination Questions Jan 2011 Foundation EITHER Question 1 0 1 Answer part (a) and part (b) Part (a) Write about the behaviour of adults in Anil. You should write about: ? what the adults say and do ? the methods the writer uses to show the behaviour of the adults. and then Part (b) Write about the behaviour of adults or an adult in one other story from Sunlight on the Grass. You should write about:? what the adult or adults say and do ? the methods the writer uses to show this behaviour. (30 marks) Or Question 2 0 2 Answer part (a) and part (b) Part (a) How does the writer present feelings in The Darkness Out There? Write about: ? the feelings in the story ? how the writer presents these feelings by the ways she writes. and then Part (b) How does the writer present feelings in one other story from Sunlight on the Grass? Write about: ? the feelings in the story ? the methods the writer uses to present these feelings. (30 marks) Jan 2012 – Higher EITHER Question 1 Answer part (a) and part (b) Part (a) How does Aboulela present families in Something Old, Something New? and then Part (b) Write about how the writer presents a family in one other story from Sunlight on the Grass. (30 marks) OR Question 2 0 2 Answer part (a) and part (b) Part (a) How do you respond to the ending of When the Wasps Drowned and how does Wigfall make you respond as you do by the ways she writes? and then Part (b) How do you respond to the ending of one other story from Sunlight on the Grass and how does the writer make you respond as you do? (30 marks)

The European court of Justice Essay Example

The European court of Justice Paper This essay will argue how the conduct of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) supports the neo-functionalist theory of European integration. It will also show how the counter-argument of intergovernmentalism, whilst having some merits, does not explain the ECJs development as well as neo-functionalism. The principle-supervisor-agent (P-S-A) model will also be touched upon briefly. The ECJ was created under the same Treaty as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951. The Treaty was signed by six states: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. 1 Following the horrors of the two world wars, the ECSC was created in order to make it much more difficult for the two main protagonists, France and Germany, to begin any further wars. It was necessary for the ECSC to be scrutinised by an overriding Court to ensure that agreements were carried out. It was due to the failure of the League of Nations to monitor the rearmament of Germany during the interwar years, whilst her European neighbours were decommissioning their weapons en masse, which allowed the Second World War to be responsible for so much bloodshed. 2 The ECJ was set up as an independent judiciary to oversee the continued economic integration of the Member States (MS). Its role has since expanded into other areas, a subject which will be returned to later in this essay. The ECJ is limited in its function both politically and legally by MS shown by its more cautious approach taken during recent years. 3 The integration of Europe is described as being divided into three pillars. The first pillar is involved with economic integration and it is this pillar with which the ECJ is primarily concerned. We will write a custom essay sample on The European court of Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The European court of Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The European court of Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second pillar is the formulation of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and thirdly, a Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) policy. These last two pillars were created within the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, broadening the scope of assimilation. The European Union was established to supersede the European Economic Community (EEC). The Treaty of Amsterdam gave more powers to the ECJ in particular with regards to the third pillar. The Court of First Instance (CFI) commenced operations in 1989 following the Single European Act (SEA) of 1986. At first the CFI was attached to the ECJ but later became a court in its own right. Following the Treaty of Nice amendments in 2004, the ECJ transferred jurisdiction of certain direct actions brought by MS against Community institutions over to the CFI and in addition cases brought by natural and legal persons (legal entities such as companies) are also dealt with there. In addition, the CFI examines appeals against decisions made by the European Civil Service Tribunal. 4 The ECJ is comprised of 25 judges, one from each MS. There are also eight Advocates-General (AGs), who give opinions on cases which have a great bearing on the final result. 5 The ECJs jurisdiction covers direct actions and references for preliminary rulings. The two main types of direct actions are infringement proceedings against MS under Article 169 (non-compliance/implementation of Community law) and judicial review (the ECJ scrutinizes new legislation to make sure it is lawful and not contradictory to existing laws). MS and private parties can also seek annulment of Community laws under Article 173. The ECJ also takes cases referred by national courts regarding Community law under Article 177, who make a ruling before passing their decisions back to the MS. The ECJ is therefore interlocutory in this capacity. The national courts are under no obligation to accept the ECJs rulings, but if they do, are bound by the Courts decision. 6 The theory of neo-functionalism was first published by Ernst Haas (1924-2003) in 1958. The trend during these post-war years was for grand theorizing and this theory did explain the technical spillover and loyalty transfer hoped for by the integrationists. The concept remained popular throughout the 1960s but waned substantially during the 1970s due to European stagnation. However, the idea has since been revived from the 1990s until the present day due to a surge in both the widening and deepening of the European Union. There are three main areas to the neo-functionalist theory, which will form the basis of this essay. Firstly, spillover. This is the idea that integration in one area will necessitate co-operation in a new area and so on. This can be in both technical arenas as well as political. Secondly, the involvement and upgrading of interest groups and loyalties to the supranational level. With the national level becoming increasingly less important, political actors will progressively start to think more at the European level. And finally, importance is attached to the role played by the elites, at both the national and the supranational level. 7 The theory of intergovernmentalism differs in its approach to the neo-functionalist theory by its belief in the dominance of the state. The theory asserts that the EU is not a supranational authority but that the MS are only involved in the EU in order to pursue their national interests. Where the actors have common goals, the European countries will join together in pursuit of these goals, these being primarily economic advancement. Interestingly, this is what neo-functionalists refer to as political spillover. Intergovernmentalists argue that EU integration is a zero-sum game and that policy areas will not touch issues of national sovereignty. However, it is clear in the case of the ECJ in particular, that national sovereignty has been surpassed on a mass scale by Community laws. It is more a theory of international relations rather than of a supranational system and is an idea based on realism. 8 Haas predicted that supranational authority would surpass the national. Political integration is the process whereby political actors in several distinct national settings are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations and political activities toward a new centre, whose institutions possess or demand jurisdiction over the pre-existing national states. The end result of a process of political integration is a new political community, superimposed over the pre-existing ones. 9 This has been seen in the areas of supremacy and direct effect. In 1963 in Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie the Court ruled that the Treaties conferred both obligations and rights to individuals, national and Community institutions and that these rights and obligations must be upheld by national courts. This has since been known as the principle of direct effect. In 1964 in the Costa vs. ENEL case, it was decided that where Community and national laws clashed, that Community laws could not be overruled. This is known as the principle of supremacy. 10 These two main principles form the basis of the spillover theory and can no longer be separated. 11 As nations have progressively lost sovereignty over their laws,12 this is a concrete example of neo-functionalism in action. In the Francovich case of 1991 it was decided that MS would have to apply Community laws and that failure to do so would result in them having to undergo sanctions. 13 This case began the principle of state liability. National courts were now obliged to order MS to give compensation to individuals or other legal persons provided the case met the following three criteria: (1) the directive confers rights on individuals, (2) the contents of those rights are apparent from the directive, and (3) there is a causal link between the states failure to implement the directive and the loss suffered. In the adjoining cases, Brasserie du Pi cheur and Factortame III, the Court increased their original ruling to include all cases of breach by all governmental departments, whether administrative, political or judicial.